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Abdullah I of Jordan
Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, King of Jordan ((アラビア語:عبد الله الأول بن الحسين), ''Abd Allāh ibn al-Husayn'', February 1882 – 20 July 1951) born in Mecca, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire (in modern-day Saudi Arabia) was the second of three sons of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif and Emir of Mecca and his first wife Abdiyya bint Abdullah (d. 1886). He was educated in Constantinople and Hejaz. From 1909 to 1914, Abdullah sat in the Ottoman legislature, as deputy for Mecca, but allied with Britain during World War I. Between 1916 to 1918, working with the British guerrilla leader T. E. Lawrence, he played a key role as architect and planner of the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule, leading guerrilla raids on garrisons.〔Avi Shlaim (2007) ''Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace'' Allen Lane ISBN 978-0-7139-9777-4 p 3〕 He was the ruler of Transjordan and its successor state, Jordan, from 1921 to 1951〔Chambers Biographical Dictionary, ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 3〕—first as Emir under a British Mandate from 1921 to 1946, then as King of an independent nation from 1946 until his assassination in 1951.
==Early political career==
In 1910, Abdullah persuaded his father to stand, successfully, for Grand Sharif of Mecca, a post for which Hussein acquired British support. In the following year he became deputy for Mecca in the parliament established by the Young Turks, acting as an intermediary between his father and the Ottoman government.〔Michael T. Thornhill, ‘Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882–1951)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 (accessed 10 March 2009 )〕 In 1914, Abdullah paid a clandestine visit to Cairo to meet Lord Kitchener to seek British support for his father's ambitions in Arabia.〔Murphy, David ''The Arab Revolt 1916–18'', Osprey, London 2008, page 13〕
Abdullah maintained contact with the British throughout the First World War and in 1915 encouraged his father to enter into correspondence with Sir Henry McMahon, British high commissioner in Egypt, about Arab independence from Turkish rule. (see McMahon-Hussein Correspondence).〔 This correspondence in turn led to the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans.〔 During the Arab Revolt of 1916–18, Abdullah commanded the Arab Eastern Army.〔 Abdullah began his role in the Revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison at Ta’if on 10 June 1916.〔Murphy, David ''The Arab Revolt 1916–18'', Osprey, London 2008, page 34〕 The garrison consisted of 3,000 men with ten 75-mm Krupp guns. Abdullah led a force of 5,000 tribesmen but they did not have the weapons or discipline for a full attack. Instead he laid siege to town. In July he received reinforcements from Egypt in the form of howitzer batteries manned by Egyptian personnel. He then joined the siege of Medina commanding a force of 4,000 men based to the east and north-east of the town.〔MacMunn. Page 228.〕 In early 1917, Abdullah ambushed an Ottoman convoy in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe the Bedouin into loyalty to the Sultan.〔Murphy, David ''The Arab Revolt 1916–18'', Osprey, London 2008, page 38〕 In August 1917, Abdullah worked closely with the French Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho in sabotaging the Hejaz Railway.〔Murphy, David ''The Arab Revolt 1916–18'', Osprey, London 2008, page 45〕 Abdullah's relations with the British Captain T. E. Lawrence were not good, and as a result, Lawrence spent most of his time in the Hejaz serving with Abdullah's brother Faisal who commanded the Arab Northern Army.〔
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